Chickens are called pullets when they are young females, typically under one year old, before they start laying eggs.
If you’ve ever shopped for chickens, you’ve likely encountered the term “pullet.” This common poultry term refers to young female chickens before they start laying eggs. But why this specific name, and what exactly makes a chicken a pullet? Let’s explore the origins, definitions, and practical implications of this poultry classification.
What Exactly Is a Pullet?
A pullet is a young female chicken that hasn’t yet reached sexual maturity or begun laying eggs. The term specifically applies to hens under one year of age. Pullets are fully feathered and nearly adult-sized, but their reproductive systems are still developing.
Key characteristics of pullets:
- Age: Typically 4-6 months old
- Egg production: Not yet laying
- Size: Nearly full-grown but slightly smaller than mature hens
- Behavior: More energetic than older hens
The Etymology of “Pullet”
The word “pullet” comes from the Middle English “polet,” which derived from Old French “poulet,” meaning a young chicken. This itself came from the Latin “pullus,” referring to a young animal or chick. The term has been used in English since the 14th century to specifically denote young hens.
Pullet Development Stages
From Chick to Pullet
Chickens go through several distinct life stages:
- Chick (0-6 weeks)
- Grower (6-20 weeks)
- Pullet (16-24 weeks)
- Point-of-lay (just before first egg)
- Hen (mature, egg-laying)
The pullet stage is particularly important as it’s when the chicken’s reproductive system matures. During this time, their combs and wattles become more pronounced and redder in color.
Physical Changes During Pullet Phase
As pullets mature, several physical changes occur:
| Age (weeks) | Development Milestone |
|---|---|
| 16-18 | Comb and wattles redden |
| 18-20 | Pelvic bones begin to separate |
| 20-24 | Vent becomes moist and enlarged |
Pullets vs. Other Chicken Classifications
Pullets vs. Point-of-Lay Hens
While pullets are young females not yet laying, “point-of-lay” refers to hens that are just about to begin egg production. This typically occurs between 18-24 weeks of age, depending on breed. Some breeds like Rhode Island Reds may start earlier or later than this average.
Pullets vs. Cockerels
The male equivalent of a pullet is called a cockerel. These are young male chickens under one year old. After one year, they’re called roosters. Telling pullets from cockerels can be challenging in some breeds until secondary sex characteristics develop.
Why the Distinction Matters
For Egg Production
Understanding pullet status helps poultry keepers plan their flock’s productivity. Pullets won’t provide eggs immediately but will soon mature into productive layers. According to poultry experts, proper care during the pullet stage significantly impacts future egg production.
For Flock Management
Knowing your chickens’ developmental stages helps with:
- Proper feeding (pullets need different nutrition than chicks or layers)
- Space requirements (pullets need less space than mature hens)
- Social dynamics (introducing pullets to an existing flock requires care)
For more on introducing new chickens, see our guide on introducing chickens to a new coop.
Purchasing Pullets: What to Know
Advantages of Buying Pullets
Purchasing pullets rather than chicks or mature hens offers several benefits:
- Less fragile than day-old chicks
- Easier to sex accurately
- Quicker to begin laying than chicks
- Lower mortality risk than very young birds
What to Look For
When selecting pullets:
- Check for bright eyes and clean nostrils
- Look for smooth, well-groomed feathers
- Observe active, alert behavior
- Examine legs for proper scales and no swelling
Caring for Pullets
Nutritional Needs
Pullets require a specific diet to support their impending egg production:
- 16-18% protein grower feed
- Calcium supplements as they near laying age
- Plenty of fresh water
Housing Considerations
Pullet housing should provide:
- 4 square feet per bird in the coop
- 10 square feet per bird in the run
- Protection from predators
- Proper ventilation
For more on space requirements, see our article on coop size for 10 chickens.
Common Questions About Pullets
When Will My Pullets Start Laying?
Most pullets begin laying between 18-24 weeks, but this varies by breed. Smaller breeds often start earlier, while larger breeds may take longer. Environmental factors like daylight hours and nutrition also affect timing.
How Can I Tell When a Pullet Is Ready to Lay?
Signs a pullet is nearing first lay:
- Bright red, enlarged comb and wattles
- Widening between pelvic bones
- Increased vocalization
- Exploring nesting boxes
Do Pullets Need Different Care Than Mature Hens?
Yes, pullets require:
- Higher protein feed than laying hens
- Less calcium until they begin laying
- Gentle handling to prevent stress
- Protection from aggressive older hens
The Importance of Proper Pullet Development
Investing time in proper pullet care pays dividends in your flock’s future productivity. Well-raised pullets will:
- Start laying at the appropriate age
- Produce higher quality eggs
- Have stronger immune systems
- Live longer, more productive lives
Understanding the pullet stage helps poultry keepers make informed decisions about their flock’s management and care. Whether you’re purchasing pullets or raising them from chicks, recognizing this important developmental phase is key to successful chicken keeping.